This book presents the applications of nanotechnology in environmental and public health management. The first part presents the implications of nanomaterials in environmental remediation, water purification, and the controlled release of agrochemicals. The environmental nanotechnology section of the book helps readers comprehend the characteristics of novel nanomaterial-based technologies and evaluate any potential risks associated with these materials. The second part of the book provides an overview of the applications of nanotechnology in drug delivery systems and nanodiagnostics—including nano-mediated rapid diagnosis of common human diseases, nano-drug delivery approaches against neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer nanomedicine. The book discusses the long-term consequences of nanomaterials in public health. It includes comprehensive information about the present state of the art, recent developments, challenges, and practical solutions.