This book discusses the critical role of genomics in transforming agriculture. It then extends the discussion to the concept of pan-genomes and super-pangenomes, which represent the expansive genetic diversity within entire species, crucial for uncovering new genes for crop improvement. This book presents a series of innovative case studies that illustrate the significant impact of genomic selection and trait mapping in advancing crop resilience and enhancing productivity. It showcases how next-generation sequencing has revolutionized trait discovery, allowing for the precise identification and utilization of traits that bolster plant productivity. The integration of various omics technologies, including single-cell and spatial transcriptomics, is also explored. The book also examines how big data, machine learning, and artificial intelligence are revolutionizing agriculture, offering new ways to glean predictive insights and refine breeding techniques.