Bethink Yourselves! is Leo Tolstoy’s passionate appeal against war, violence, and the moral blindness that allows nations to destroy one another. Written during the Russo-Japanese War, the essay challenges patriotism, militarism, political authority, and unquestioning obedience to governments. Tolstoy argues that warfare contradicts the fundamental principles of conscience, reason, and human compassion. Drawing upon Christian ethics and his philosophy of nonviolence, he urges individuals to examine their own responsibility rather than surrendering judgment to rulers and institutions. Powerful and uncompromising, this work remains a deeply relevant meditation on peace, morality, personal responsibility, and humanity’s continuing struggle with organized violence.