Theodore Roosevelt's study of Oliver Cromwell opens as both biography and sweeping history, placing the great Puritan leader at the center of the English Civil War and the birth of modern liberty. With rich illustrations and a serious, scholarly tone, it presents Cromwell not as a fanatic relic, but as a soldier-statesman long misunderstood by later critics. Roosevelt argues that Cromwell, Pym, and Hampden helped begin the English-speaking political tradition that would shape Britain and America, while the age that formed them was marked by Tudor absolutism, Stuart misrule, and deep social suffering. The book broadens into a vivid panorama of seventeenth-century Europe, contrasting France, Spain, Holland, Scotland, and England, and tracing the rise of Protestant, Catholic, and sectarian conflict. It condemns the Inquisition, English oppression in Ireland, and the widespread intolerance that slowly forced the idea of conscience, equality, and religious freedom into being. Against this background, Cromwell emerges as a reluctant revolutionary, driven by necessity as Parliament, King, Presbyterians, and Independents collide. From Preston to Pride's Purge, the narrative follows his victories and the collapse of compromise, showing how the army's cause pushed England toward revolution. This edition has been fully restored with modern typesetting, custom cover design.